A place for discounts and deals

When a company wishes to sell or improve the sales of its products or services, it may decide to advertise. Newspapers and magazines carry advertisements, as do billboards, television, and radio. Marketing is a wider process of creating a product or service, advertising it and selling it. advertising and marketing are vast industries that affect all our lives.

How Advertising works?

Advertising use humour and strong images to get our attention. Short, memorable catchphrases called slogans become associated with the product. An advertising campaign often combines posters and television advertisements so that repetition ensures people remember the product.

Image

Advertisers try to create a product image that will appeal to particular customers. An advertisement for perfume, for example may project an image of beauty and sophistication. Well known personalities may be shown endorsing a product to strengthen its image.

Marketing

A company’s marketing strategy includes market research, product development, publicity, advertising, and point of sale displays. The marketing department researches the product people want, and works with other departments to make sure that products meet the customers’ needs and expectations.

Market research

The purpose of market research is to find out what sorts of people are likely to buy a product, and what will make them buy one product rather than another. Researchers get this information from questionnaires, interviews and government statistics.

Point of sale

Shops use posters and display units to encourage people to buy products. Point of sale displays try to catch the customers’ eye where he or she can buy the product immediately. Shop window displays aim to draw customer into a shop.

Public relations

Many companies use public relations, or PR, to improve their standing with the people who buy their products. The two main branches of PR are research and communication. Research tries to find out what people think about the company with people through press coverage, advertising, and sponsorship.

Advertising agencies

Companies use advertising agencies to advise them on their advertising strategy. Advertising agencies conduct market research, plan which forms of media the clients’ advertisements should appear in, and finally prepare the clients’ advertisements.

Storyboard

The first stage of producing a television advertisement is to present a storyboard of ideas to the client, showing how the final advertisement will look. A storyboard rather looks like a comic strip, with a series of pictures showing how the action will run. If the client approves the storyboard, production can go ahead.

Production

The advertising agency hires a production team to film the advertisement. This will include a producer, who supervises the rehearsal schedule, and a director, who directs the action when the commercial is being filmed. Once the film has been shot, a sound track is added. The sound track may be a voice-over repeating the product name and a catchy tune called a jingle.

Once the advertisement has been completed, it is shown to the client. If the client approves the film, it is taken to the television stations to be aired. Television advertising is by far the most expensive form of advertising, but it is the most effective since it reaches people in their own homes.

An incredible explosion called the Big Bang is believed to have created the Universe. Observations of galaxies and heat radiation from space have helped confirm this theory. Astronomers are now working to explain exactly what happened from the point of the Big Bang explosion which created everything in today’s Universe- matter, energy, space, and time- to the present Universe with its galaxies, stars, planets, and us.

Origin of the Universe

One of the most difficult problems facing scientists in the 20^th century was to explain how the Universe was created. The Universe is changing, but from what and to what? The Steady State theory suggested that the Universe had no beginning or end. The alternative, and now generally accepted, theory is the Big Bang. It proposes that the Universe was created in an explosion 15 billion years ago. From very small and simple beginnings it has grown vast and complex.

Steady State Theory

In the late 1940s and the 1950s, the Steady State theory was as popular as the Big Bang theory. It proposed that the Universe looked the same at any place and at any time. Although expanding, it would stay unchanged and in perfect balance. Material was being continuously created to keep the density of the Universe constant. As scientists found proof for the Big Bang, the Steady State theory was largely abandoned.

Big Bang Theory

All matter and time was created in the Big Bang. The explosion started pushing everything away and the Universe has been expanding ever since, and as the Universe expanded, the temperature dropped. A fraction of a second after the explosion, the first tiny particles began to form. By the time the Universe was three minutes old it consisted of 75 per cent hydrogen and 25 per cent helium. Everything that exists now- galaxies, stars, Earth, and humans- was created from these elements. In 1931, a Belgian cosmologist Georges Lemaltre (1894 - 1966) was the first to put forward the theory that the Universe started from a dense, single unit of material in a big explosion. The name Big Bang followed in 1950, introduced by Fred Hoyle, a British astronomer and supporter of the Steady State theory.

Expanding Universe:

In the 1920’s analyzing starlight from galaxies showed that the galaxies are moving away from Earth. This is true of galaxies in every direction from Earth. Over time, the Universe is becoming larger and less dense. The idea that the Universe started in an explosion from a single point grew out of observations that the Universe is expanding.

The heat produced by the Big Bang has been cooling ever since. It now has a temperature of -270°C (-454°F), detected as microwave radiation from all over the sky.

Future of the Universe

Nobody knows for certain what is going to happen to the Universe. At present, it is getting larger and less dense. Most astronomers believe there will be a time when it stops expanding. But there is disagreement about what happens then: will the Universe live on for ever, wither and die, or start to contract?

The Universe may end in a Big Crunch if it starts to contract until it is hot and dense once more. But even this may not mean the end of the universe. The Big Crunch might be followed by another Big Bang explosion, and the whole process could start over again.